What is os.path module, functions inside os.path module, handling files using os.path module, traversing directory using os.path module

os.path Module in Python

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Python’s os.path module can be used for dealing with file paths/pathnames. Using functions inside this module, you can get information about current working path, directory name and also using this os.path module file system can be traversed to look for some specific file. (Quite Confusing!!🤷🏻 🤷🏻)

Just note that almost all of functions in os.path module take in a string/bytes object as parameter and return path/file name. For example – os.path.split(path) function takes in path parameter(string/bytes object) and return (directory name, filename) object.

Let me explain this for you.

Functions in os.path Module – Table

Function NameDescription
os.path.adbspath(path)Returns a normalized absolutized version of pathname
os.path.basename(path)Returns base name of a pathname
os.path.commonpath(paths)
👉🏻 More than one path as a parameter		Returns longest common sub-path of each pathname passed as parameter
os.path.exists(path)Returns True if path refers to an existing path or an open file descriptor
os.path.getatime(path)Return time of last access of path
os.path.getmtime(path)Return time of last modification of path
os.path.getctime(path)Return the system’s ctime which, on some systems (like Unix) is the time of the last metadata change, and, on others (like Windows), is the creation time for path
os.path.getsize(path)Returns size of path(in bytes)
os.path.isabs(path)Returns True if path is an absolute pathname, False otherwise
os.path.isfile(path)Return True is path is an existing regular file
os.path.isdir(path)Returns True if path is an existing directory, otherwise returns false
os.path.islink(path)Returns True if path refers to an existing directory entry that is a symbol link
os.path.ismount(path)Return True if path is a mount point – a point in a file system where a different file system has been mounted
os.path.join(path, *paths)Joins one or more path componenets intelligently
os.path.normcase(path)Normalize case of pathname. On Windows convert all characters in pathname to lowercase and forward slashes to backward slashes. On all other operating systems return path unchanged
os.path.normpath(path)Normalize a pathname by collapsing all redundant separators and up-level references so that A//B, A/B/, A/./B, A/foo/../B will become just A/B
os.path.realpath(path)Return canonical path of specified filename and eliminate any symbolic links encountered in path
os.path.relpath(path, start=os.curdir)Return canonical path of specified filename
os.path.samefile(path1, path2)Return True if both pathnames refer to same file or directory
os.path.sameopenfile(fp1, fp2)Return True if file descriptors fp1 and fp2 refer to same file
os.path.samestat(stat1, stat2)Return True if stat tuples stat1 and stat2 refer to same file
os.path.split(path)Split pathname into a pair (head, tail) where tail is last pathname component and head is everything leading up to that
os.path.splitdrive(path)Split pathname into a pair (drive, tail) where drive is either a mount point or empty string. On systems which do not use drive specifications, drive will always be empty string
os.path.splittext(path)Split pathname path into a pair (root, ext) such that root + ext == path and ext is empty or begins with a period and contains at most one period
os.path.supports_unicode_filenamesTrue if arbitrary unicode strings can be used as file names

Using os.path module to Handle Filenames

Let’s you creating a folder Testing on Desktop of your laptop then create a file named somefile inside Testing folder.

import os

filename = "desktop/testing/somefile"

print("using", os.name, "...")
print("split", "=>", os.path.split(filename))
print("splitext", "=>", os.path.splitext(filename))
print("dirname", "=>", os.path.dirname(filename))
print("basename", "=>", os.path.basename(filename))
print("join", "=>", os.path.join(os.path.dirname(filename),
                                 os.path.basename(filename)))
print("join", "=>", os.path.isdir(filename))

This code when run will output something like following –

Now you can clearly get an idea about how os.path module functions – split(), splittext(), dirname(), basename(), isdir() works.

Using os.path Module for Inserting Username into a Filename

import os

print os.path.expanduser("~/.pythonrc")

Using os.path module for Inserting Variables into a Filename

import os

os.environ["USER"] = "user"

print os.path.expandvars("/home/$USER/config")       # Prints out => /home/user/config
print os.path.expandvars("$USER/folders")            # Prints out => user/folders

Python loop through files in directory recursively using os.path Module

import os

def callback(arg, directory, files):
    for file in files:
        print os.path.join(directory, file), repr(arg)

os.path.walk(".", callback, "secret message")

# Above Code Prints out
./aifc-example-1.py 'secret message'
./anydbm-example-1.py 'secret message'
./array-example-1.py 'secret message'
...
./samples 'secret message'
./samples/sample.jpg 'secret message'
./samples/sample.txt 'secret message'
./samples/sample.zip 'secret message'
./samples/articles 'secret message'
./samples/articles/article-1.txt 'secret message'
./samples/articles/article-2.txt 'secret message'
...

Traversing Filesystem using os.path module function listdir()

import os
def index(directory):
    # like os.listdir, but traverses directory trees
    stack = [directory]
    files = []
    while stack:
        directory = stack.pop()
        for file in os.listdir(directory):
            fullname = os.path.join(directory, file)
            files.append(fullname)
            if os.path.isdir(fullname) and not os.path.islink(fullname):
                stack.append(fullname)
    return files

for file in index("."):
    print file

# Above Code Prints out
.\aifc-example-1.py
.\anydbm-example-1.py
.\array-example-1.py
...

Using Directory Walker to Traverse Filesystem

import os

class DirectoryWalker:
    # a forward iterator that traverses a directory tree

    def _ _init_ _(self, directory):
        self.stack = [directory]
        self.files = []
        self.index = 0

    def _ _getitem_ _(self, index):
        while 1:
            try:
                file = self.files[self.index]
                self.index = self.index + 1
            except IndexError:
                # pop next directory from stack
                self.directory = self.stack.pop()
                self.files = os.listdir(self.directory)
                self.index = 0
            else:
                # got a filename
                fullname = os.path.join(self.directory, file)
                if os.path.isdir(fullname) and not os.path.islink(fullname):
                    self.stack.append(fullname)
                return fullname

for file in DirectoryWalker("."):
    print file

# Above Code Prints out
.\aifc-example-1.py
.\anydbm-example-1.py
.\array-example-1.py
...

Using DirectoryStatWalker for Traversing FileSystem

import os, stat

class DirectoryStatWalker:
    # a forward iterator that traverses a directory tree, and
    # returns the filename and additional file information

    def _ _init_ _(self, directory):
        self.stack = [directory]
        self.files = []
        self.index = 0

    def _ _getitem_ _(self, index):
        while 1:
            try:
                file = self.files[self.index]
                self.index = self.index + 1
            except IndexError:
                # pop next directory from stack
                self.directory = self.stack.pop()
                self.files = os.listdir(self.directory)
                self.index = 0
            else:
                # got a filename
                fullname = os.path.join(self.directory, file)
                st = os.stat(fullname)
                mode = st[stat.ST_MODE]
                if stat.S_ISDIR(mode) and not stat.S_ISLNK(mode):
                    self.stack.append(fullname)
                return fullname, st

for file, st in DirectoryStatWalker("."):
    print file, st[stat.ST_SIZE]

# Above code prints out
.\aifc-example-1.py 336
.\anydbm-example-1.py 244
.\array-example-1.py 526

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